Portable Network Graphics (PNG) is a bitmap image format that employs lossless data compression. PNG was created to improve upon and replace GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) as an image-file format not requiring a patent license. It is pronounced as ˈpɪŋ[1] or spelled out as P-N-G.
PNG supports palette-based (palettes of 24-bit RGB colors), greyscale or RGB images. PNG was designed for transferring images on the Internet, not professional graphics, and so does not support other color spaces such as CMYK).
PNG files nearly always use file-extension "PNG
" or "png
" and are assigned the Internet media type "image/png
" (approved October 14, 1996).
History and development[]
hh;The motivation for creating the PNG format was in early 1995, when it came to light that the Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) data compression algorithm, used in the GIF format, had been patented by Unisys. There were also other problems with the GIF format which made a replacement desirable, notably its limitation to 256 colors at a time when computers capable of displaying far more than 256 colors were becoming common. Although GIF allows for animation, it was decided that PNG should be a single-image format. A companion format called MNG (Multi-image Network Graphics) has been defined for animation.
A January 1995 precursory discussion thread, on the usenet newsgroup "comp.graphics" with the subject Thoughts on a GIF-replacement file format, had many propositions, which would later be part of the PNG file format. In this thread, Oliver Fromme, author of the popular MS-DOS JPEG viewer QPEG, proposed the PING name, meaning PING is not GIF, and also the PNG extension for the first time.[2]
- October 1, 1996 – Version 1.0 of the PNG specification was released, and later appeared as RFC 2083. It became a W3C Recommendation on October 1, 1996.
- December 31, 1998 – Version 1.1, with some small changes and the addition of three new chunks, was released.
- August 11, 1999 – Version 1.2, adding one extra chunk, was released.
- November 10, 2003 – PNG is now an International Standard (ISO/IEC 15948:2003). This version of PNG differs only slightly from version 1.2 and adds no new chunks.
- March 3, 2004 – ISO/IEC 15948:2004.
Technical details[]
File header[]
A PNG file starts with an 8-byte signature. The hexadecimal byte values are 89 50 4E 47 0D 0A 1A 0A. Each of the header bytes is there for a specific reason:[3]
Bytes | Purpose |
---|---|
89 | Has the high bit set to detect transmission systems that do not support 8 bit data and to reduce the chance that a text file is mistakenly interpreted as a PNG, or vice versa. |
50 4E 47 | In ASCII, the letters "PNG", allowing a person to identify the format easily if it is viewed in a text editor. |
0D 0A | A DOS style line ending (CRLF) to detect DOS-UNIX line ending conversion of the data. |
1A | A byte that stops display of the file under DOS when the command type has been used – the end-of-file character |
0A | A UNIX style line ending (LF) to detect UNIX-DOS line ending conversion. |
"Chunks" within the file[]
After the header come a series of chunks, each of which conveys certain information about the image. Chunks declare themselves as critical or ancillary, and a program encountering an ancillary chunk that it does not understand can safely ignore it. This chunk-based structure is designed to allow the PNG format to be extended while maintaining compatibility with older versions.
The chunks each have a header specifying their size and type. This is immediately followed by the actual data, and then the checksum of the data. Chunks are given a four letter case sensitive ASCII name. The case of the different letters in the name (bit 5 of the numeric value of the character) provides the decoder with some information on the nature of chunks it does not recognize.
The case of the first letter indicates if the chunk is critical or not. If the first letter is uppercase, the chunk is critical; if not, the chunk is ancillary. Critical chunks contain information that is necessary to read the file. If a decoder encounters a critical chunk it does not recognize, it must abort reading the file or supply the user with an appropriate warning.
The case of the second letter indicates if the chunk is "public" (either in the specification or the registry of special purpose public chunks) or "private" (not standardized). Uppercase is public and lowercase is private. This ensures that public and private chunk names can never conflict with each other (although two private chunk names could conflict).
The third letter must be uppercase to conform to the PNG specification. It is reserved for future expansion. Decoders should treat a chunk with a lower case third letter the same as any other unrecognized chunk.
The case of the fourth letter indicates if a chunk is safe to copy by editors that do not recognize it. If lowercase, the chunk may be safely copied regardless of the extent of modifications to the file. If uppercase, it may only be copied if the modifications have not touched any critical chunks.
Critical chunks[]
A decoder must be able to interpret these to read and render a PNG file.
IHDR
must be the first chunk, it contains the header.PLTE
contains the palette; list of colors.IDAT
contains the image, which may be split among multiple IDAT chunks. Doing so increases filesize slightly, but makes it possible to generate a PNG in a streaming manner.IEND
marks the image end.
The PLTE
chunk is essential for color type 3 (indexed color). It is optional for color types 2 and 6 (truecolor and truecolor with alpha) and it must not appear for color types 0 and 4 (greyscale and greyscale with alpha).
Ancillary chunks[]
Other image attributes that can be stored in PNG files include gamma values, background color, and textual metadata information. PNG also supports color management through the inclusion of ICC color space profiles.[4]
- bKGD gives the default background color. It is intended for use when there is no better choice available, such as in standalone image viewers (but not web browsers, see below for more details).
- cHRM gives the white balance.
- gAMA specifies gamma.
- hIST can store the histogram, or total amount of each color in the image.
- iCCP is an ICC color profile.
- iTXt contains UTF-8 text, compressed or not, with an optional language tag.
- pHYs holds the intended pixel size and/or aspect ratio of the image.
- sBIT (significant bits) indicates the color-accuracy of the source data.
- sPLT suggests a palette to use if the full range of colors is unavailable.
- sRGB indicates that the standard sRGB color space is used.
- tEXt can store text that can be represented in ISO/IEC 8859-1, with one name=value pair for each chunk.
- tIME stores the time that the image was last changed.
- tRNS contains transparency information. For indexed images, it stores alpha channel values for one or more palette entries. For truecolor and greyscale images, it stores a single pixel value that is to be regarded as fully transparent.
- zTXt contains compressed text with the same limits as tEXt.
The lowercase first letter in these chunks indicates that they are not needed for the PNG specification. The lowercase last letter in some chunks indicates that they are safe to copy, even if the application concerned does not understand them.
Color depth[]
PNG images can either use palette-indexed color or be made up of one or more channels (numerical values directly representing quantities about the pixels). When there is more than one channel in an image all channels have the same number of bits allocated per pixel (known as the bit depth of the channel). Although the PNG specification always talks about the bit depth of channels, most software and users generally talk about the total number of bits per pixel (sometimes also referred to as bit depth or color depth). Since multiple channels can affect a single pixel, the number of bits per pixel is often higher than the number of bits per channel, as shown in the illustration below.
The number of channels will depend on whether the image is greyscale or color and whether it has an alpha channel. PNG allows the following combinations of channels:
- indexed (channel containing indexes into a palette of colors)
- greyscale
- greyscale and alpha (level of transparency for each pixel)
- red, green and blue (rgb/truecolor)
- red, green, blue and alpha
Type | Bit depth per channel | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 16 | |
indexed (color type 3) | 1 | 2 | 4 | 8 | No |
greyscale (color type 0) | 1 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 16 |
greyscale & alpha (color type 4) |
No | No | No | 16 | 32 |
truecolor (RGB: color type 2) |
No | No | No | 24 | 48 |
truecolor & alpha (RGBA: color type 6) |
No | No | No | 32 | 64 |
With indexed color images, the palette is always stored in RGB at a depth of 8 bits per channel (24 bits per palette entry). The palette must not have more entries than the image bitdepth allows for but it may have fewer (so if an image for example only uses 90 colors there is no need to have palette entries for all 256).
Indexed color PNGs are allowed to have 1, 2, 4 or 8 bits per pixel by the standard; greyscale images with no alpha channel allow for 1, 2, 4, 8 or 16 bits per pixel. Everything else uses a bit depth per channel of either 8 or 16. The combinations this allows are given in the table above. The standard requires that decoders can read all supported color formats but many image editors can only produce a small subset of them.
Transparency of image[]
PNG offers a variety of transparency options. With truecolor and greyscale images either a single pixel value can be declared as transparent or an alpha channel can be added (enabling any percentage of partial transparency to be used). For paletted images, alpha values can be added to palette entries. The number of such values stored may be less than the total number of palette entries, in which case the remaining entries are considered fully opaque.
The scanning of pixel values for binary transparency is supposed to be performed before any color reduction to avoid pixels becoming unintentionally transparent. This is most likely to pose an issue for systems that can decode 16 bits per channel images (as they must be compliant with the specification) but only output at 8 bits per channel (the norm for all but the highest end systems).
Compression[]
PNG uses a non-patented lossless data compression method known as DEFLATE, which is the same algorithm used in the zlib compression library. This method is combined with prediction, where for each image line, a filter method is chosen that predicts the color of each pixel based on the colors of previous pixels and subtracts the predicted color of the pixel from the actual color. An image line filtered in this way is often more compressible than the raw image line would be, especially if it is similar to the line above (since DEFLATE has no understanding that an image is a 2D entity, and instead just sees the image data as a stream of bytes). Compression is further improved by choosing filter methods adaptively on a line-by-line basis. This improvement, and a heuristic method of implementing it commonly used by PNG-writing software, were created by Lee Daniel Crocker, who tested the methods on many images during the creation of the format.[6]
Interlacing[]
PNG offers an optional 2-dimensional, 7-pass interlacing scheme – the Adam7 algorithm. This is more sophisticated than GIF's 1-dimensional, 4-pass scheme, and allows a clearer low-resolution image to be visible earlier in the transfer. However, as a 7-pass scheme, it tends to reduce the data's compressibility more than simpler schemes.
Animation[]
PNG itself does not support animation at all. MNG is an extension to PNG that does; it was designed by members of the PNG Group. MNG shares PNG's basic structure and chunks, but it is significantly more complex and has a different file signature, which automatically renders it incompatible with standard PNG decoders.
The complexity of MNG led to the proposal of APNG by developers of the Mozilla Foundation. It is based on PNG, supports animation and is simpler than MNG. APNG offers fallback to single-image display for PNG decoders that do not support APNG. However, neither of these formats is currently widely supported. APNG is supported in Mozilla Firefox 3.0 and Opera 9.5.[7] The PNG Group decided in April 2007 not to embrace APNG[8]. Several alternatives are under discussion, ANG, aNIM/mPNG, PNG in GIF and its subset RGBA in GIF.[9]
Comparison with other file formats[]
Comparison with Graphics Interchange Format (GIF)[]
- On most images, PNG can achieve greater compression than GIF (see the section on filesize, below).
- PNG gives a much wider range of transparency options than GIF, including alpha channel transparency.
- PNG gives a much wider range of color depths than GIF (truecolor up to 48-bit compared to 8-bit 256-color), allowing for greater color precision, smoother fades, etc.[10]
- GIF intrinsically supports animated images. PNG only supports animation using an unofficial extension (see the section on animation, above).
- PNG images are widely supported (for instance, with modern web browsers and office software), but not as widely supported as GIF images.
Comparison with JPEG[]
JPEG (Joint Photography Experts Group) can produce a smaller file than PNG for photographic (and photo-like) images, since JPEG uses a lossy encoding method specifically designed for photographic image data. Using PNG instead of a high-quality JPEG for such images would result in a large increase in filesize (often 5–10 times) with negligible gain in quality.
PNG is a better choice than JPEG for storing images that contain text, line art, or other images with sharp transitions. Where an image contains both sharp transitions and photographic parts a choice must be made between the large but sharp PNG and a small JPEG with artifacts around sharp transitions. JPEG also does not support transparency.
JPEG is a worse choice for storing images that require further editing as it suffers from generation loss, whereas lossless formats do not. This makes PNG useful for saving temporary photographs that require successive editing. When the photograph is ready to be distributed, it can then be saved as a JPEG, and this limits the information loss to just one generation. That said, PNG does not provide a standard means of embedding Exif image data from sources such as digital cameras, which makes it problematic for use amongst photographers, especially professionals. TIFF does support it as a lossless format.
JPEG has historically been the format of choice for exporting images containing gradients, as it could handle the color depth much better than the GIF format. However, any compression by the JPEG would cause the gradient to become blurry, but a 24-bit PNG export of a gradient image often comes out identical to the rasterization of the source vector image, and at a small file size. As such, the PNG format is the optimal choice for exporting small, repeating gradients for web usage.
Comparison with TIFF[]
Tagged Image File Format (TIFF) is a complicated format that incorporates an extremely wide range of options. While this makes TIFF useful as a generic format for interchange between professional image editing applications, it makes adding support for it to applications a much bigger task and so it has little support in applications not concerned with image manipulation (such as web browsers). It also means that many applications can read only a subset of TIFF types, creating more potential user confusion.
The most common general-purpose, lossless compression algorithm used with TIFF is Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW). This compression technique, also used in GIF, was covered by patents until 2003. There is a TIFF variant that uses the same compression algorithm as PNG uses, but it is not supported by many proprietary programs. TIFF also offers special-purpose lossless compression algorithms like CCITT Group IV, which can compress bilevel images (e.g., faxes or black-and-white text) better than PNG's compression algorithm.
Software support[]
Bitmap graphics editor support for PNG[]
Adobe Fireworks uses PNG as its native file format, allowing other image editors and preview utilities to view the flattened image. However, Fireworks by default also stores meta data for layers, animation, vector data, text and effects. Such files should not be distributed directly. Fireworks can instead export the image as an optimized PNG without the extra meta data for use on web pages, etc.[11]
Other popular graphics programs which support the PNG format include Adobe Photoshop, Corel Photo-Paint, Corel Paint Shop Pro, The GIMP, GraphicConverter, Helicon Filter, Inkscape, Pixel image editor, Paint.NET and Xara. Some programs bundled with popular operating systems, which support PNG include Microsoft's Paint and Apple's iPhoto and Preview.
Some image processing programs have PNG compression problems, mainly related to lack of full implementation of the PNG compressor library. These include:
- Microsoft's Paint for Windows XP
- older versions of Adobe Photoshop.
Adobe's Fireworks is sometimes placed in this category, but its difficulties are less severe than the other entries. The confusion stems from a misunderstanding of the mechanics of its Save format: though PNGs, the intermediate images produced by that option include large, private chunks containing complete layer and vector information, which allows further, lossless editing. Properly saved with the Export option, Fireworks' PNGs are competitive with those produced by other image editors, but are no longer editable as anything but flattened bitmaps. Fireworks is unable to save size-optimized vector-editable PNGs.
Web browser support for PNG[]
PNG support first appeared in Internet Explorer 4.0b1 and in Netscape 4.04[12].
Despite calls by the Free Software Foundation[13] and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C),[14] tools such as gif2png, and campaigns such as burn all gifs, PNG adoption on websites has been fairly slow.
GIF is found to be in use more than PNG for a few reasons:
- No support on old browsers (such as Internet Explorer below version 4).
- No animation, still images only (unlike GIF, though Mozilla's unofficial APNG format is a potential solution).
PNG compatible browsers include: Apple Safari, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Camino, Internet Explorer 7, and many others.
However, Internet Explorer (Windows), up to at least version 7, has a fair share of issues, which prevent it from using PNG to its full potential.[15]
Operating systems support for PNG icons[]
PNG icons have been supported in most distributions of GNU/Linux since at least 1999, in desktop environments such as GNOME[16]. In 2006, PNG icons were introduced into Microsoft Windows, with the release of Windows Vista.[17] PNG icons are supported in Mac OS X as well. Another operating system to include 3rd party PNG icons support is AmigaOS 3/4 (and its clones - MorphOS and AROS Research Operating System).
File size and optimization software[]
Generally, PNG files without unnecessary metadata should have a smaller file size than the identical image encoded in GIF format. PNG gives the image creator far more flexibility than GIF, but care must be taken to avoid PNG files that are needlessly large.
As GIF is limited to 256 colors, many image editors will automatically reduce the color depth when saving an image in GIF format. Often when people save the same truecolor image as PNG and GIF, they see that the GIF is smaller, and do not realise it is possible to create a 256 color PNG that has identical quality to the GIF with a smaller file size. This leads to the misconception that PNG files are larger than equivalent GIF files.
Some versions of Adobe Photoshop, CorelDRAW and Paint provide poor PNG compression effort, further fueling the idea that PNG is larger than GIF. Many graphics programs (such as Apple's Preview software) save PNGs with large amounts of metadata and color-correction data that are generally unnecessary for Web viewing. Unoptimized PNG files from Adobe Fireworks are also notorious for this.
It should be noted that Adobe Photoshop's performance on PNG files has been much improved in the CS Suite when using the Save For Web feature (which also allows explicit PNG/8 use).
Various tools are available for optimizing PNG files. OptiPNG and pngcrush are both open source software optimizers that run from a Unix command line or a Windows Command Prompt, and effectively reduce the size of PNG files.
Other tools such as AdvanceCOMP and Ken Silverman's PNGOUT are capable of reducing the file size even further still, giving the competent user the smallest file size possible for a given PNG image. The current version of IrfanView can use PNGOUT as an external plug-in, and the screenshots show PNGOUT's save options.
pngcrush and PNGOUT have the extra ability to remove all color correction data from PNG files (gamma, white balance, ICC color profile, standard RGB color profile). This often results in much smaller file sizes. The following command line options achieve this with pngcrush:
pngcrush -rem gAMA -rem cHRM -rem iCCP -rem sRGB InputFile.png OutputFile.png
There's GUI front-end for OptiPNG, pngcrush and advpng that runs on Mac OS X.
Since Windows Vista icons may contain PNG subimages, the optimizations can be applied to them as well. At least one icon editor, Pixelformer, is able to perform a special optimization pass while saving ICO files, thereby reducing their sizes.
See also[]
- Image editing
- Graphics file formats
- JPEG Network Graphics (JNG)
- Multiple-image Network Graphics (MNG)
- Graphics Interchange Format (GIF)
- APNG (Animated PNG)
- libpng
References[]
- ↑ History of PNG
- ↑ Thoughts on a GIF-replacement file format
- ↑ PNG (Portable Network Graphics) Specification, Version 1.1 – 12. Appendix: Rationale
- ↑ "[ http://www.libpng.org/pub/png/spec/iso/index-object.html#11iCCP Portable Network Graphics (PNG) Specification (Second Edition) Information technology — Computer graphics and image processing — Portable Network Graphics (PNG): Functional specification. ISO/IEC 15948:2003 (E) W3C Recommendation 10 November 2003]".
- ↑ PNG color options is linked from this page: PNG images - PNG Image Format.
- ↑ PNG: The Portable Network Graphic Format, Dr. Dobb's Journal #232 July 1995 (Vol 20, Issue 7), pp. 36-44.
- ↑ Opera Desktop Team: Post-Alpha Opera 9.5 Release
- ↑ http://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/message.php?msg_name=3.0.6.32.20070420132821.012dd8e8%40mail.comcast.net
- ↑ Comparison of animated PNG format proposals
- ↑ A Basic Introduction to PNG Features
- ↑ Internet Explorer crashes when previewing an HTML document – Adobe TechNote
- ↑ http://oregon.usgs.gov/png_images.html
- ↑ http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/gif.html
- ↑ http://www.w3.org/Press/PNG-fact.html
- ↑ http://www.libpng.org/pub/png/pngapbr.html#msie-win-unix
- ↑ http://developer.gnome.org/doc/whitepapers/libroadmap/
- ↑ "Windows Vista - Wallpapers". Retrieved on 2007-11-12.
External links[]
libpng.org[]
- PNG Home Site
- libpng Home Page
- The Story of PNG by Greg Roelofs
- PNG: The Definitive Guide (Online Version) by Greg Roelofs
W3C[]
Others[]
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